Definitions of domestic violence
Why do men batter women
Why do women stay
Barriers to leaving a violent relationship
Predictors of domestic violence
Statistics
Resources

Definition of Domestic Violence (back to top)

Violence is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidation, often including the threat or use of violence. Violence happens when one person believes they are entitled to control another. Assault, battering and domestic violence are crimes.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IS:

• a pattern of behaviors including a variety of tactics—some physically injurious and some not, some criminal and some not—carried out in multiple, sometimes daily episodes.
  
• a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors, including physical, sexual, and psychological attacks, as well as economic coercion.
  
• a combination of physical force and terror used by the perpetrator that causes physical and psychological harm to the victim and children.
  
• a pattern of purposeful behavior, directed at achieving compliance from or control over the victim.
  
• behaviors perpetrated by adults or adolescents against their intimate partner in current or former dating, married or cohabiting relationships of heterosexuals, gays, or lesbians.

Characteristics of Domestic Violence:

Abuse of family members can take many forms. Violence may include emotional abuse, economic abuse, sexual abuse, using children, threats, using male privilege, intimidation, isolation, and a variety of other behaviors used to maintain fear, intimidation and power. In all cultures, the perpetrators are most commonly the men of the family. Women are most commonly the victims of violence. Elder and child abuse are also prevalent. Acts of domestic violence generally fall into one or more of the following categories:

Physical Abuse- The abuser’s physical attacks or aggressive behavior can range from bruising to murder. It often begins with what is excused as trivial contacts, which escalate into more frequent and serious attacks.

Sexual Abuse - Physical attack by the abuser is often accompanied by, or culminates in, sexual violence wherein the woman is forced to have sexual intercourse with her abuser or take part in unwanted sexual activity.

Psychological Abuse -The abuser’s psychological or mental violence can include constant verbal abuse, harassment, excessive possessiveness, isolating the woman from friends and family, deprivation of physical and economic resources, and destruction of personal property.

Abuse often escalates. It often begins with subtle behaviors like innuendo’s about appropriate dress or behavior, name calling, and/or humiliating put downs in public. Then it may move toward threats, violence in her presence (such as punching a fist through a wall), and/or damage to objects or toward pets. It may escalate to restraining, pushing, slapping, and/or pinching. The battering may include punching, kicking, biting, sexual assault, tripping, throwing. Finally, it may become life-threatening with serious behaviors such as choking, breaking bones, or the use of weapons.

Perpetrators of psychological/emotional abuse may be involved in the following practices:

Economic Domination - Frequently, men who abuse attempt to control their partners by having complete power over the household finances. They may try to keep the victim from working and therefore encourage the victim's economic dependence upon them.

Using Children - Often, abusers use the children to maintain power and control over their partners. For example, they may belittle or degrade the children as a means of harassing the victim.

Intimidation - Abusers may frighten their victims by using looks, actions, gestures, or loud voices; by smashing things; or by destroying their victim's property.

Threats - Abusers may threaten to take the children away from their spouse, to harm the children, or to commit suicide. Such threats add to the anxiety and fear experienced by victims and children.

Extreme Controlling Behavior - Men who abuse may control their parents' activities, companions, whereabouts, etc.

Why Do Men Batter Women? (back to top)

Many theories have been developed to explain why some men use violence against their partners. These theories include: family dysfunction, inadequate communication skills, provocation by women, stress, chemical dependency, lack of spirituality and economic hardship. These issues may be associated with battering of women, but they are not the causes. Removing these associated factors will not end men’s violence against women. The batterer begins and continues his behavior because violence is an effective method for gaining and keeping control over another person and he usually does not suffer adverse consequences as a result of his behavior.

Historically, violence against women has not been treated as a "real" crime. This is evident in the lack of severe consequences, such as incarceration or economic penalties, for men guilty of battering their partners. Rarely are batterers ostracized in their communities, even if they are known to have physically assaulted their partners.

Batterers come from all groups and backgrounds, and from all personality profiles. However, some characteristics fit a general profile of a batterer:

• A batterer objectifies women. He does not see women as people. He does not respect women as a group. Overall, he sees women as property or sexual objects.
  
• A batterer has low self-esteem and feels powerless and ineffective in the world. He may appear successful, but inside he feels inadequate.
  
• A batterer externalizes the causes of his behavior. He blames his violence on circumstances such as stress, his partner’s behavior, a "bad day," alcohol or other factors.
  
• A batterer may be pleasant and charming between periods of violence, and is often seen as a "nice guy" to outsiders.

Some behavioral warning signs of a potential batterer include extreme jealousy, possessiveness, a bad temper, unpredictability, cruelty to animals and verbal abusiveness.

Why Do Women Stay? (back to top)

All too often the question "Why do women stay in violent relationships?" is answered with a victim blaming attitude. Women victims of abuse often hear that they must like or need such treatment, or they would leave. Others may be told that they are one of the many "women who love too much" or who have "low self-esteem." The truth is that no one enjoys being beaten, no matter what their emotional state or self image.

A woman’s reasons for staying are more complex than a statement about her strength of character. In many cases it is dangerous for a woman to leave her abuser. If the abuser has all of the economic and social status, leaving can cause additional problems for the woman. Leaving could mean living in fear and losing child custody, losing financial support, and experiencing harassment at work.

Although there is no profile of the women who will be battered, there is a well- documented syndrome of what happens once the battering starts. Battered women experience shame, embarrassment and isolation. A woman may not leave battering immediately because

• She realistically fears that the batterer will become more violent and maybe even fatal if she attempts to leave;
  
• Her friends and family may not support her leaving;
  
• She knows the difficulties of single parenting in reduced financial circumstances;
  
• There is a mix of good times, love and hope along with the manipulation, intimidation and fear;
  
• She may not know about or have access to safety and support.

Barriers to Leaving A Violent Relationship (back to top)

Reasons why women stay generally fall into three major categories:

Lack of Resources:

• Most women have at least one dependent child.
  
• Many women are not employed outside of the home.
  
• Many women have no property that is solely theirs.
  
• Some women lack access to cash or bank accounts.
  
• Women who leave fear being charged with desertion, and losing children and joint assets.
  
• A woman may face a decline in living standards for herself and her children.

Institutional Responses:

• Clergy and secular counselors are often trained to see only the goal of "saving" the marriage at all costs, rather than the goal of stopping the violence.
  
• Police officers often do not provide support to women. They treat violence as a domestic "dispute," instead of a crime where one person is physically attacking another person. Police may try to dissuade women from filing charges.
  
• Prosecutors are often reluctant to prosecute cases, and judges rarely levy
  
• The maximum sentence upon convicted abusers. Probation or a fine is much more common. Despite the issuing of a restraining order, there is little to prevent a released abuser from returning and repeating the assault.
  
• Despite greater public awareness and the increased availability of housing for women fleeing violent partners, there are not enough shelters to keep women safe.

Traditional Ideology:

• Many women do not believe divorce is a viable alternative.
  
• Many women believe that a single parent family is unacceptable, and that even a violent father is better than no father at all.
  
• Many women are socialized to believe that they are responsible for making their marriage work. Failure to maintain the marriage equals failure as a woman.
  
• Many women become isolated from friends and families, either by the jealous and possessive abuser, or to hide signs of the abuse from the outside world. The isolation contributes to a sense that there is nowhere to turn.
  
• Many women rationalize their abuser’s behavior by blaming stress, alcohol, problems at work, unemployment or other factors.
  
• Many women are taught that their identity and worth are contingent upon getting and keeping a man. The abuser rarely beats the woman all the time. During the non-violent phases, he may fulfill the woman’s dream of romantic love. She believes that he is basically a "good man." If she believes that she should hold onto a "good man," this reinforces her decision to stay. She may also rationalize that her abuser is basically good until something bad happens to him and he has to "let off steam."

Predictors Of Domestic Violence (back to top)

The following signs often occur before actual abuse and may serve as clues to potential abuse:

1. Did he grow up in a violent family? People, who grow up in families where they have been abused as children, or where one parent beats the other, have grown up learning that violence is normal behavior.
   
2. Does he tend to use force or violence to "solve" his problems? A young man who has a criminal record for violence, who gets into fights, or who likes to act tough is likely to act the same way with his wife and children. Does he have a quick temper? Does he over-react to little problems and frustration? Is he cruel to animals? Does he punch walls or throw things when he’s upset? Any of these behaviors may be a sign of a person who will work out bad feelings with violence.
   
3. Does he abuse alcohol or other drugs? There is a strong link between violence and problems with drugs and alcohol. Be alert to his possible drinking/drug problems, particularly if he refuses to admit that he has a problem, or refuses to get help. Do not think that you can change him.
   
4. Does he have strong traditional ideas about what a man should be and what a woman should be? Does he think a woman should stay at home, take care of her husband, and follow his wishes and orders?
   
5. Is he jealous of your other relationships—not just with other men that you may know—but also with your women friends and your family? Does he keep tabs on you? Does he want to know where you are at all times? Does he want you with him all of the time?
   
6. Does he have access to guns, knives, or other lethal instruments? Does he talk of using them against people, or threaten to use them to get even?
   
7. Does he expect you to follow his orders or advice? Does he become angry if you do not fulfill his wishes or if you cannot anticipate what he wants?
   
8. Does he go through extreme highs and lows, almost as though he is two different people? Is he extremely kind one time, and extremely cruel at another time?
   
9. When he gets angry, do you fear him? Do you find that not making him angry has become a major part of your life? Do you do what he wants you to do, rather than what you want to do?
   
10. Does he treat you roughly? Does he physically force you to do what you do not want to do?

Checklist

Look over the following questions. Think about how you are being treated and how you treat your partner. Remember, when one person scares, hurts or continually puts down the other person, it’s abuse.

Does your partner....

____ Embarrass or make fun of you in front of your friends or family?

____ Put down your accomplishments or goals?

____ Make you feel like you are unable to make decisions?

____ Use intimidation or threats to gain compliance?

____ Tell you that you are nothing without them?

____ Treat you roughly - grab, push, pinch, shove or hit you?

____ Call you several times a night or show up to make sure you are where you said you would be?

____ Use drugs or alcohol as an excuse for saying hurtful things or abusing you?

____ Blame you for how they feel or act?

____ Pressure you sexually for things you aren’t ready for?

____ Make you feel like there "is no way out" of the relationship?

____ Prevent you from doing things you want - like spending time with your friends or family?

____ Try to keep you from leaving after a fight or leave you somewhere after a fight to "teach you a lesson"?

Do You...

____ Sometimes feel scared of how your partner will act?

____ Constantly make excuses to other people for your partner’s behavior?

____ Believe that you can help your partner change if only you changed something about yourself?

____ Try not to do anything that would cause conflict or make your partner angry?

____ Feel like no matter what you do, your partner is never happy with you?

____ Always do what your partner wants you to do instead of what you want?

____ Stay with your partner because you are afraid of what your partner would do if you broke up?

If any of these are happening in your relationship, talk to someone. Without some help, the abuse will continue.

Adapted from Reaching and Teaching Teens to Stop Violence, Nebraska Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Coalition, Lincoln, NE.

Statistics (back to top)

Iowa Statistics on Domestic Violence

According to the Iowa Attorney General’s Office, Crime Victim Assistance Division:

• Between January 1995 and September 2002, at least 61 Iowa women were murdered by a husband, boyfriend, or intimate partner. During this time, 13 children were killed in related homicides.
  
• During that same time period, in Iowa, 87 sons and daughters survived the murder of their mother, 56 of the surviving children were minors, and 30 children were present at the scene of the murder.
  
• In the state of Iowa, crisis telephone hotlines reported 26,795 calls from July, 1998 to June, 1999.
  
• In fiscal year 2002, 2,262 women and 2,484 children sought refuge in Iowa’s domestic violence shelters. 16 male victims also received shelter.

Other statistics:

• A study of low-income housed and homeless mothers found that 91.6% of the homeless women and 81.8 % of low-income women housed mothers reported physical or sexual assaults at some point in their life. Housing and Battered Women: case study of domestic violence in Iowa, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence.
  
• The Iowa Judicial Department reports that the number of domestic abuse civil filings rose from 188 in 1990 to 5,907 in 2001.
  
• In 2000, the Department of Public Safety states that there were 7,343 incidents of domestic abuse reported to law enforcement.
  
• Although many adults believe that they have protected their children from exposure to domestic violence, 80 to 90% of children in those homes can give detailed descriptions of the violence experienced in their families. Doyne, S., Bowermaster, J., & Meloy, R. (1999). Custody disputes involving domestic violence: Making children’s needs a priority. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 50, (2).
  
• Between 20,000 and 44,000 Iowa women suffer abuse in their homes each year.

Resources (back to top)

BVU Campus: SASA (Sexual Assault Student Advocates)
2222 on-campus phone number
http://web.bvu.edu/organizations/sasa/

CADA (Council Against Domestic Abuse and Sexual Assault)
1-800-225-7233 (serves Buena Vista, Cherokee, Sac and Ida Counties in Iowa)

Iowa Coalition Against Domestic Violence
Hotline: 24-hour statewide hotline 1-800-942-0333
http://icadv.org

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
http://www.ncadv.org/

Please call if you need help. Freedom from violence is a right everyone deserves.